Developing an Artificial Intelligence Governance and Implementation Framework for the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) and Secondary Schools in Jamaica

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming education by reshaping teaching, learning, assessment, educational administration, and institutional decision-making. Although AI offers significant
opportunities to enhance educational quality and efficiency, it also presents challenges related to governance, ethics, academic integrity, data privacy, cybersecurity, equity, and teacher
preparedness. Despite increasing AI adoption within Caribbean education, there is no comprehensive governance framework specifically designed to guide its responsible
implementation within secondary schools or the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). This study sought to develop an Artificial Intelligence Governance and Implementation Framework
for CXC and secondary schools in Jamaica. Guided by a pragmatic research paradigm, the study employed a Design Science Research methodology supported by a systematic literature review of empirical studies on AI in education, governance, ethics, curriculum, assessment, leadership, and digital transformation. The framework was informed by the Technology Acceptance Model,
Diffusion of Innovations Theory, the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Framework, and UNESCO's Human-Centred AI Governance principles and was subsequently
refined through expert validation. The resulting framework comprises eight interconnected governance domains, including leadership and policy, digital infrastructure, teacher professional
development, curriculum integration, AI literacy, ethical governance, assessment and academic integrity, and continuous monitoring and evaluation. It incorporates an implementation roadmap, stakeholder responsibilities, risk management strategies, and measurable performance indicators to support sustainable AI adoption. The study contributes one of the first comprehensive AI governance models specifically developed for Caribbean secondary education, providing an evidence-informed framework to guide policymakers, educational leaders, teachers, and examination authorities in implementing AI responsibly while promoting educational quality, equity, transparency, accountability, innovation, and public confidence throughout Jamaica and the wider Caribbean.