International Journal of Recent Advances in Information Technology & Management (Online ISSN: 2581-3609)

Developing an Artificial Intelligence Governance and Implementation Framework for the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) and Secondary Schools in Jamaica

2026-09-05T12:06:50+00:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming education by reshaping teaching, learning, assessment, educational administration, and institutional decision-making. Although AI offers significant
opportunities to enhance educational quality and efficiency, it also presents challenges related to governance, ethics, academic integrity, data privacy, cybersecurity, equity, and teacher
preparedness. Despite increasing AI adoption within Caribbean education, there is no comprehensive governance framework specifically designed to guide its responsible
implementation within secondary schools or the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). This study sought to develop an Artificial Intelligence Governance and Implementation Framework
for CXC and secondary schools in Jamaica. Guided by a pragmatic research paradigm, the study employed a Design Science Research methodology supported by a systematic literature review of empirical studies on AI in education, governance, ethics, curriculum, assessment, leadership, and digital transformation. The framework was informed by the Technology Acceptance Model,
Diffusion of Innovations Theory, the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Framework, and UNESCO's Human-Centred AI Governance principles and was subsequently
refined through expert validation. The resulting framework comprises eight interconnected governance domains, including leadership and policy, digital infrastructure, teacher professional
development, curriculum integration, AI literacy, ethical governance, assessment and academic integrity, and continuous monitoring and evaluation. It incorporates an implementation roadmap, stakeholder responsibilities, risk management strategies, and measurable performance indicators to support sustainable AI adoption. The study contributes one of the first comprehensive AI governance models specifically developed for Caribbean secondary education, providing an evidence-informed framework to guide policymakers, educational leaders, teachers, and examination authorities in implementing AI responsibly while promoting educational quality, equity, transparency, accountability, innovation, and public confidence throughout Jamaica and the wider Caribbean.

Digital Leadership: Is it a Distinct Leadership Paradigm or an Extension of Contemporary Leadership Theory? A PRISMA-Informed Systematic Review

2026-09-05T12:10:39+00:00

The rapid acceleration of digital transformation, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and data-driven organisational decision-making processes has generated increasing scholarly interest in digital leadership; however, considerable debate persists regarding whether digital leadership constitutes an independent leadership paradigm or merely extends contemporary leadership theories. The current study critically examined this debate through a PRISMA-informed systematic literature review synthesising evidence from leadership studies, organisational behaviour, strategic management, information systems, innovation management, and digital transformation scholarship. Relevant peer-reviewed publications were systematically identified, screened, and analysed using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by thematic synthesis and comparative theoretical analysis. The findings demonstrate that although digital leadership shares important characteristics with transformational, strategic, adaptive, authentic, servant, distributed, complexity, and e-leadership, it possesses distinctive philosophical foundations centred on digital transformation, organisational agility, artificial intelligence stewardship, digital ethics, cybersecurity governance, data-informed decision-making, and sustainable innovation. Furthermore, empirical evidence across business, healthcare, education, manufacturing, and public administration consistently indicates that leadership capability, rather than technological investment alone, determines the success of digital transformation initiatives. Building upon these findings, this study proposes the Integrated Digital Leadership Framework (IDLF), which conceptualises digital leadership as a systems-oriented organisational capability comprising digital vision, technological capability, organisational agility, innovation, ethical governance, human-centred leadership, strategic integration, and organisational resilience. The current study concludes that digital leadership has evolved beyond the contextual application of existing leadership theories and should be recognised as an independent leadership paradigm reflecting the organisational realities of the twenty-first century. The findings contribute to leadership scholarship by advancing theoretical integration, providing a comprehensive framework for future empirical investigation, and offering practical guidance for organisational leaders responsible for navigating increasingly complex digital environments, balancing technological innovation with ethical governance, organisational resilience, and sustainable development.

Leadership beyond the Individual Mind: Examining Artificial Intelligence, External Cognitive Influence, Decision-Making, and the Exercise of Power over Others

2026-09-05T12:14:14+00:00

Background: The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI), algorithmic systems, advisers, and digital decision-support technologies into organisational leadership challenges conventional assumptions that cognition, judgement, and moral responsibility reside solely within the leader. This study develops the concept of the outside mind to describe the network of external human, technological, informational, and institutional resources incorporated into leadership cognition and decision-making.

Objective: The current study seeks to develop and refine the Outside Mind Theory of Leadership by examining how external cognitive influence shapes leadership judgement, decision-making autonomy, moral agency, organisational power, and potentially oppressive leadership outcomes.

Methods: A PRISMA 2020-guided systematic qualitative review and theory-building synthesis was undertaken. Relevant peer-reviewed studies were identified through systematic database searches using predefined eligibility criteria, screened at title, abstract, and full-text stages, and critically appraised using design-appropriate tools. Extracted findings were analysed through qualitative thematic synthesis, constant comparison, and iterative theoretical integration to identify mechanisms, contextual conditions, and relationships linking cognitive augmentation, cognitive dependency, moral disengagement, employee agency, and organisational power.

Expected contribution: This study proposes that external cognition is not inherently oppressive; rather, harmful outcomes may emerge when cognitive dependency converges with weak accountability, limited transparency, moral disengagement, concentrated power, and reduced employee contestability.

Conclusion: The review provides a systematically derived qualitative foundation for theorising AI-mediated leadership and for informing future empirical testing, leadership development, and responsible AI governance that preserves human judgement, accountability, dignity, autonomy, and employee voice.

Artificial Intelligence, Automation and the Restructuring of the Global Labour Market: Occupational Displacement, Human-AI Complementarity and the Future of Work Beyond 2035

2026-09-24T06:35:58+00:00

Artificial intelligence (AI), generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), and robotics are transforming employment at a speed that challenges conventional assumptions about occupational security, higher education, and workforce preparation. The current study comparatively examines occupational fields likely to experience significant automation, employment contraction, or task restructuring over the next decade, and identifies occupations expected to remain resilient or expand beyond 2035. This integrative comparative review draws on peer-reviewed labour-economics scholarship and evidence from the International Labour Organisation (ILO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Bank, and World Economic Forum (WEF). This study develops an Occupational AI Vulnerability-Resilience Model based on task routineness, digitisation, predictability, interpersonal intensity, physical-world complexity, accountability, domain expertise, and complementarity with technology. Labour market areas such as clerical administration, data entry, routine bookkeeping, transcription, elementary editing, translation, basic content creation, telemarketing, routine customer service, cashiering, and selected elementary programming functions demonstrate comparatively high substitution in the future labour market. Conversely, nursing, medicine, counselling, skilled trades, infrastructure maintenance, cybersecurity, AI governance, scientific research, advanced education, entrepreneurship, and occupations involving complex physical environments, responsibility, trust, creativity, and contextual judgement demonstrate greater resilience in the future labour market. The present analysis finds substantial differences between advanced and developing economiesin the future labour market discourse because capital costs, wages, digital infrastructure, informality, education, and technological readiness influence the feasibility of automation. For Jamaica and the Caribbean, the principal challenge is not merely preventing technological unemployment but transitioning from routine service employment towards AI-augmented professional, technical, creative, healthcare, green-economy, and knowledge-intensive work. This study, therefore, concludes that future employability will increasingly depend on human-AI complementarity rather than occupational titles.